Sexual Satisfaction,Does the size of Vagina Matter

Sexual Satisfaction,Does the size of Vagina Matter

Many women wonder about the ideal dimensions of the vagina to determine whether this will influence their sexual satisfaction and their partner. The dimensions of the vagina can vary from 7 to 8 cm long and 2 to 3 cm diameter when it is ‘closed.’ The vagina is an anatomical structure that is part of the internal female sex organs, which connects the uterus with the external genitalia (vulva). “Is considered a virtual channel, i.e. it remains ‘enclosed’, except in the following cases: * During intercourse, as it allows the introduction of the penis when you have sexual intercourse with a partner. * By becoming the birth canal, the passageway through which the baby slides out at the time of delivery. * Exploring the cervix, also known as cervical, as “placing a speculum, the cavity extends and frees the way for exploring the area and gynecological studies. Difficulties in knowing Most men are obsessed by the size of their penis, since this feature often associated with sexual satisfaction and their partner, but women can not detect the size of your vagina as easily, because it of an internal organ. “This is only possible through a contact or direct manipulation, such as during a sexual romp in the couple can put their fingers or tongue in the vagina, is it then that certain sensations are experienced, but not size”. Specialist added: “During a study in obstetrics and gynecology is also perceived some stimulation, but in this case nothing can be pleasant, but also determines the size as such. Only when a woman performs a self-exploration by entering her own fingers into the vaginal canal may be possible to estimate their proportions. “ In fact, no matter Many experts say that “when the stimulation of the penis is right, it generates excitement and vaginal lubrication that facilitates penetration. However, pleasure is not related to the dimensions of the vagina, but rather depends on the quality of erotic stimulation, the level of intimacy and communication, among other factors, rather than the size itself. “ Even “if the present body length less than the measures considered normal, nor affect the ability to feel pleasure because, as noted, this feeling is the result of other factors” Said the expert, adding: “Only that they were a much smaller vagina than those anatomically normal for an adult may arise a problem, and if so would require gynecological care.” In terms of partner satisfaction, “more than the length, the strength of the vaginal walls which gives pleasure to men because of the feeling of pressure exerted by this body-channel, surrounded by muscles that can stimulate the penis at the time of penetration”. Special cases It essential that “the vagina has the elasticity needed to allow intercourse, facilitate lubrication and with it the satisfaction of both members of the couple. In the event that hinder this distension can cause pain and pleasure becomes unpleasant experience.” Moreover, the specialist said that while sex does not alter the size of the vagina, “the most common physiological condition that can ‘reduce the strength’ of this body is a procedure that is performed during childbirth, called episiotomy, when deemed necessary to extend the canal with a long incision (cut small edge of the outer part of the vagina) to facilitate the birth of the baby, then the physician should suturing this wound to heal. Sometimes this injury is uncomplicated and can alter the pleasure during intercourse. “ Finally, that if a woman believes that sexual dissatisfaction is caused by the size of her vagina, “should see a gynecologist, for a scan can detect abnormalities or health problems that warrant treatment. In other cases, of course, seek the opinions, advice and suggestions from a doctor who specializes in human sexuality. “

Breast Care, Not to give up Breast Feeding

After puberty, the breasts of women are disrupted due to heredity, hormonal activity and diet, and although most are benign changes, some may be considering. It is therefore important to know the most common conditions and symptoms to prevent serious problems. For centuries, but mostly in recent decades, women have fought hard struggle to maintain their health, since your body is exposed to factors that can generate different biochemical abnormalities that may affect these important changes in the structure of organs, tissues and bones. Specifically, breast or breasts of women undergo changes constantly, whether for hormonal (internal), as occurs during menstruation and pregnancy, as well as habits and dietary factors (external), including smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and exposure to the sun without the protection of a blocker or filter and a high-fat diet. Add to this that there may be hereditary factors that increase the risk of any disease in the breast, it is no exaggeration to say that every woman should get used to self-examine your breasts regularly every month, from 18 or earlier, and to visit women’s health specialist (gynecologist) to answer any questions on reproductive health and about the early detection of any change in your body, although in most cases are benign and harmless, should not be cause for complacency. Simply, we must remember that even serious conditions, when detected and treated early, do not endanger the life of the patient, for example, 99% of cases of breast cancer who receive timely therapy does not represent a medical emergency thanks to its slow growth. But of no use medical advances if she hides her illness out of fear or ignorance, and reveals when it is already well advanced. Question Answers about How to Increase Breast Size Queries & Breast Care Solutions- Solution to Your Queries at: http://danilacristina.livejournal.com A little Anatomy To better understand the conditions that can affect the breast or breasts, whether it is worth remembering that the body structure is formed mainly by adipose tissue (fat), and below it is the mammary gland. The latter is a structure comparable to a cluster of grapes, where the place of the fruit is occupied by tiny glands called acini, and instead of stems found a series of tubes that form the breast lobules. The lobes undergo significant changes when stimulated by various substances, such as prolactin, which is generated at the end of pregnancy to stimulate milk production, it heard from the nipple through ducts. However, sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) are responsible for their most frequent and common, so that every woman should have this information so as not unnecessarily alarmed. Specifically, explain that days before the start of the menstrual cycle occurs the release of considerable amounts of estrogneo, a hormone that stimulates the mammary gland to increase in size, so you get to feel pain, in contrast, and coinciding with the onset of menstruation, the body produces progesterone, another type of hormone that causes breast disincline and therefore the pain is over. Now, on to describe the most common disorders of the breast, same, despite their different origins, can be grouped into three categories: pain, nipple discharge and formation of abnormal structures or tissues (lymph).

Breast Enlargement,Natural way to increase and Shape Breast Size

Increase breast size is not something that you are able to get by magic or an overnight, that’s clear. But there are always alternatives that can help you get it. Here we suggest some ways you can get to find useful to do so. In what might be called home remedies for breast growth you can get to help fennel, a plant with large estrogenic capabilities. You can see our article properties of fennel to grow breasts and so will expand the information. Eating foods rich in natural estrogens can also be an interesting help, in fact are highly recommended during breastfeeding. Here’s how to add them to your usual diet can be a good way to generate estrogen and increase your breasts. You should also take into account the different types of exercise on the matter. It never hurts to tone that area with some physical practice. Ways to improve the quality of your bust and find, stay calm. It has even been tested in a manner breast enhancement with natural ingredients no need for silicone or anything like that. http://www.stherbb.com/natural-breast-enhancement.html A natural method of breast enlargement is the way to go if you are afraid to go under the knife for a breast augmentation procedure is performed. It is also the alternative for those who do not have much money to spend on breast surgery to achieve their dreams. The breast size depends on the level of the hormone estrogen during the natural process of development during puberty. This is also the case of pregnant women when your breasts are preparing for breastfeeding. Enlarge the milk ducts, increased breast size. For those seeking to increase their breast size, your hormonal balance must be correct. The estrogen hormone levels decline with age and other factors such as stress or depression, which can hinder their production. To start or continue the development of breasts naturally, estrogen levels must be balanced. This is where natural products herbal breast enter and trigger the natural growth of new tissue. Natural methods of breast enlargement Chances are that you opt for natural methods to increase breast size. Breast products such as creams and breast pills are made of natural herbs known to enhance the growth of the breasts naturally. These herbs include fenugreek, Pueraria Mirifica, red clover, fennel seeds, yams and roots of dandelion, among others. These herbs contain high concentrations of phytoestrogens which are plant estrogens that stimulate the natural process of breast development. Phytoestrogens are plant estrogens that cause breast growth as does the hormone estrogen at puberty or pregnancy. Have been tested and proven effective, resulting in a permanent increase in breast size. When you are choosing a breast product, make sure it contains all the important ingredients to avoid disappointment. Another method of natural breast enlargement is exercises. There are several techniques that can improve the way your breasts appear. The exercises are mainly concentrated in the muscles that support the breasts, known as the pectoral muscles. These muscles are enlarged and give your breasts a boost to the outside, giving the illusion of being bigger and stronger. So if you want to increase your breasts by a cup size or two, you can choose the natural way to achieve that goal and save a lot of money and avoid a lot of pain. You can be sure that if you have the right product, your results will be effective and satisfactory. See the natural method to increase breasts at himalayahomeremedies.com/pueraria-mirifica-products.html

Beauty of Bust, How to have Perfect Breast

Beauty of Bust, How to have Perfect Breast

The beauty of the bust is not only dependent on the generosity of nature, but also attention paid to it, hence, nothing like exercise and basic care to maintain health and attractiveness of this important part of the female body without having to resorting to surgery. The chest is one of the most attractive parts of the female body, which is not often depends on its size but it is well shaped and healthy skin. Right: face and body and require cleansing, moisturizing, massage and exercise to maintain the freshness, the breasts need the same, for only thus can remove dead cells and prevent stretch marks, dryness and sagging. Worth pointing out that among the reasons for the bust are commonly changes appearance motherhood, aging or sudden change in weight, facts that are sometimes unavoidable. It is for this reason that we propose some remedies below that, with patience and perseverance will help you avoid pitfalls. Morality Despite possessing the aesthetic, the breasts are one of the areas of the body that receive more attention. So, to fill this void can follow some simple tips: * Avoid bathing with hot water, as this contributes to the sagging tissues. Therefore, it is best to try to do when you shower with warm water and, when finished, apply cold water on the bust area. If at first resists treatment, gradually lower the water temperature over 1 or 2 weeks until you become accustomed. * The exfoliation (removal of dead cells) is recommended since adolescence, 1 or 2 times a week, as it stimulates cell renewal leaving the skin firmer, tough, soft and responsive to any treatment you want to apply. * Use moisturizers and humectants to keep the skin smooth and, if necessary, turn to shower gel and firming products recommended by the dermatologist. * Watch the sun: the breast skin is very delicate and neck so as to limit its aging and sagging, it is necessary to protect it during holidays and sunny days with filter or sunscreen. * Prefer bra model that does not bind the shoulders or the bottom of the breasts. The best way to know if you use the correct size is lifting the arms if you do and the skin of the chest begins to peek out of the garment, is that you need another size or you must modify the length of the straps. * Forget about padded bras or reduce its use to a minimum because they do not let the breast skin breathe and prevent its proper oxygenation. * Bras are not common enough to support necessary during exercise, so it is recommended sports bra for intense physical activity. * Give up the clothing that requires you to do without the bra. In turn, it is recommended to always hold when the body is vertical, to prevent chest muscles weaken. Another good suggestion, although it may seem strange, is to exercise “voice.” It is repeating the letters “I” and “O”, one after the other, exaggerating the most of your speech and lip movements, this will strengthen those muscles that shape the breast. Do this as many times during the day as possible.

Breast pain

Definition:

Breast pain (mastalgia) is a common complaint among women. You might describe your breast pain as chronic tenderness, sharp burning or tightness in your breast tissue. The pain may be constant or it may occur only occasionally. Some women have severe breast pain, occurring more than five days a month, Severe breast pain may even persist throughout the menstrual cycle. Postmenopausal women sometimes have breast pain, but the symptom is more common in younger, premenopausal women and perimenopausal women. Most times, breast pain signals a noncancerous (benign) breast condition and rarely signifies breast cancer. Still, unexplained breast pain that doesn't go away after your next menstrual cycle or that persists after menopause needs to be evaluated by your doctor. 

Breast Health

General Breast Pain Cyclic vs non-cyclic In general there are two types of breast pain (mastalgia): cyclic and non-cyclic pain. Cyclic pain is much more common, and as the name suggests the pain fluctuates with the menstrual cycle. The exact cause of cyclic pain is not well understood, but it appears that the fluctuations of estrogen and progesterone and prolactin might be responsible for this type of breast pain. Cyclic pain typically begins at ovulation and escalates until the onset of the period, and the pain tends to subside following the menstruation. Both breasts are involved, but many will report asymmetrical pain, pain only in one breast, or more severe pain in one than the other. Women suffering from breast pain report greatest pain in the upper, outer portion of the breast, adjacent to the armpit. The pain is often referred to as dull and the breasts feel sore, and in some cases pain may radiate to the armpit and then to the entire arm. The sufferers of cyclic pain often report reduction if not elimination of breast pain at menopause if they are not under hormone replacement therapy. Unlike cyclic pain, non-cyclic pain is unrelated to the hormonal fluctuation of menstrual cycle. Typically, there is a defined area of tenderness or a focal tenderness, which can help with the diagnosis and treatment of the pain. Unlike cyclic breast pain, non-cyclic breast pain is often felt only in one breast. The causes of non-cyclic pain can vary, but the following are the most common causes: Trauma Macrocysts Periductal mastitis/duct ectasis Pregnancy and breast feeding (Puerperal mastitis) Sclerosing adenosis Cancer Trauma Pain due to fat necrosis (fatty breast tissue that has died and formed cysts), calcification as a result of surgery or other types of trauma can be experienced many years following the initial trauma. Pain associated with trauma to the breasts is described as sore, bruised, or stabbing pain. Macrocysts One of the common causes of non-cyclic focal breast pain. The presence of cysts can be confirmed by ultrasound and can be treated by aspiration. If blood is drawn or the cysts recur, then further study such as biopsy is warranted. Periductal mastitis Periductal mastitis can cause severe breast pain in a significant number of women. The periductal inflammation occurs in non-lactating women when the milk ducts near the nipple become inflamed thus causing extreme breast pain. Other symptoms of this condition are a mass near the nipple, retraction of the nipple, or discharge. Treatment includes antibiotics or, in severe cases, surgery. The pain is described as throbbing and often accompanied by redness and warmth of tissues. Sclerosing adenosis This condition is characterized by the presence of a small mass, 2cm or less, that is firm but poorly defined. The mass if often attached to surrounding breast tissue. Typically the mass is accompanied by breast pain. Pregnancy and breast feeding (puerperal mastitis) Many women report discomfort in their breasts during pregnancy and while breast feeding. The breast pain associated with breast feeding is termed puperpeal mastitis. However, neither case requires any medical intervention unless actual infections arise. Cancer Only a small percentage of women (7–10%) suffering from breast cancer report breast pain as the sole symptom. However, any new onset of non-cyclic pain should be carefully examined and should undergo rigorous differential diagnosis. Non-Breast Pain In some cases women experience breast pain, but the pain does not originate in the breasts. Non-breast pain can be categorized into chest-wall pain and non-chest-wall pain. Chest-wall pain: Tietze’s syndrome (costochondritis) Cervical radiculopathy Non-chest wall pain: Gallbladder disease Ischemic heart disease Tietze’s syndrome (Costochondritis) This condition produces significant chest pain due to inflammation of the bones and cartilage in the chest wall. The pain can be exacerbated by deep breathing, coughing, or other activities involving the chest wall. Costochondritis has no known cause (idiopathic). The condition can subside on its own eventually, but in severe cases injection of anesthetic and/or steroid offers a positive clinical result. Cervical radiculopathy Chronic, recurring breast pain accompanied by pain in the shoulder, arm, and hand on the same side can be caused by cervical radiculopathy where nerve roots (C6-C7) are compressed. The compression of the pectoralis muscle, not the breast parenchyma (breast tissue) causes the apparent breast pain. In addition, pain can be accompanied by weaknesses in other muscles such as tripceps and biceps which is indicative of root compressions. Other non-chest-wall pain that can be incorrectly attributed to breast pain are diseases related to gallbladder and/or heart. Gallbladder infections or cardiovascular abnormalities can exhibit chest pain that can feel as if it is coming from the breasts in women. Changes in breast tissue known as fibrocystic breast condition or disease can also cause breast pain, which is either cyclical or non-cyclical. For more information on this condition

Fibrocystic Breast Disease Fibrocystic breast disease (FBD), or fibrocystic breast condition or changes, is described as common, benign changes involving the tissues of the breasts. Common breast symptoms are swelling and tenderness, nodularity, palpable lumps, nipple discharge, and inflammation. These changes are typically accompanied by breast pain. The discomfort associated with fibrocystic breast disease is often in the upper outer quadrant, is diffuse, and may radiate to the axilla or upper arm. The incidence of fibrocystic breast disease is estimated to be up to 70% of all women. It can occur in women aged 18 or older, but is most common in women between the ages of 30 and 50, and rare in postmenopausal women.

Medical Illustration Copyright ©2007 Nucleus Medical Art, All rights reserved. www.nucleusinc.com The cause of pain associated with fibrocystic breast disease is not completely understood; however, changes in the breast tissue are believed to be associated with ovarian sex hormones because the condition usually subsides with menopause and may vary in intensity during the menstrual cycle. Hormone imbalances have been suggested, such as increased estrogen secretion, deficient progesterone production, and hyperprolactinemia. In fibrocystic breast disease there is a wide spectrum of histopathological changes (microscopic tissue changes) from relatively normal histologic findings to features that exhibit mainly patterns of fibrous change and cyst formation.

Diagnosis

Physical examination by physicians is the first step in the diagnosis of the condition. Lumpy breasts are not necessarily indicative of breast cancer. These lumps can be benign (non-cancerous) and can be definitively characterized with either mammograms, MRIs, or ultrasounds.  

Having lumpy breasts and being diagnosed with fibrocystic breast disease does not increase a woman’s risk of developing cancer. However, fibrocystic breast disease can mask potentially cancerous lumps. Women with fibrocystic breast disease should be diligent in their breast self-exams and physician exams.

Treatment

Once cancer has been ruled out, treatment for nodularity is unnecessary. However, some cysts may be aspirated to alleviate pain. There are non-surgical methods of dealing with the pain associated with fibrocystic breasts. Treatment strategies for pain associated with fibrocystic breast disease range from conservative treatment methods such as non-prescription analgesics, properly fitted brassieres, diet change, the application of local heat, or application of evening primrose oil. However, little scientific data exists on the effectiveness of these treatments. Patients may use prescription analgesics, but in more severe cases danazol may be prescribed. Danazol has several significant side effects and is only prescribed for severe cases. With the exception of danazol, no other therapeutic is approved to treat the painful symptoms of fibrocystic breast disease.  

If you are a woman experiencing cyclical pain associated with fibrocystic breast disease, you may be eligible to participate in an ongoing clinical trial for a novel investigational drug

Breast Health: Breast Cancer Risk Factors

Breast Health: Breast Cancer Risk Factors

Breast Cancer Risk Factors Every woman wants to know what she can do to lower her risk of breast cancer. Some of the factors associated with breast cancer -- being a woman, your age, and your genetics, for example -- can't be changed. Other factors -- maintaining a healthy weight, exercising, smoking cigarettes, and eating nutritious food -- can be changed by making choices. By choosing the healthiest lifestyle options possible, you can empower yourself and make sure your breast cancer risk is as low as possible.

The known risk factors for breast cancer are listed below. Click on each link to learn more about the risk factor and ways you can minimize it in your own life. If a factor can't be changed (such as your genetics), you can learn about protective steps you can take that can help keep your risk as low as possible.

Established risks:

Just being a woman is the biggest risk factor for developing breast cancer. There are about 190,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 60,000 cases of non-invasive breast cancer this year in American women. While men do develop breast cancer, less than 1% of all new breast cancer cases happen in men. Approximately 2,000 cases of breast cancer will be diagnosed in American men this year. The biggest reasons for the difference in breast cancer rates between men and women are: Women's breast development takes 3 to 4 years and is usually complete by age 14. It's uncommon for men's breasts to fully form -- most of the male breasts you see are fat, not formed glands. Once fully formed, breast cells are very immature and highly active until a woman's first full-term pregnancy. While they are immature, a women's breast cells are very responsive to estrogen and other hormones, including hormone disrupters in the environment. Men's breast cells are inactive and most men have extremely low levels of estrogen. So hormonal stimulation of highly responsive and vulnerable breast cells in women, particularly during the extra-sensitive period of breast development, is why breast cancer is much more common in women than in men.

Age

Everyone alive is growing older. And as with many other diseases, your risk of breast cancer goes up as you get older. For example, according to the American Cancer Society, about 1 out of 8 invasive breast cancers develop in women younger than 45. About 2 out of 3 invasive breast cancers are found in women 55 or older.

In fact, the aging process is the biggest risk factor for breast cancer. That's because the longer we live, there are more opportunities for genetic damage (mutations) in the body. And as we age, our bodies are less capable of repairing genetic damag

Family History:

Women with close relatives who've been diagnosed with breast cancer have a higher risk of developing the disease.

If you've had one first-degree female relative (sister, mother, daughter) diagnosed with breast cancer, your risk is doubled. If two first-degree relatives have been diagnosed, your risk is 5 times higher than average.

If your brother or father have been diagnosed with breast cancer, your risk is higher, though researchers aren't sure how much higher.

In some cases, a strong family history of breast cancer is linked to having an abnormal gene associated with a high risk of breast cancer, such as the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. In other cases, an abnormal CHEK2 gene may play a role in developing breast cancer.

Genetics

About 5% to 10% of breast cancers are thought to be hereditary, caused by abnormal genes passed from parent to child.

Genes are particles in cells, contained in chromosomes, and made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA contains the instructions for building proteins. And proteins control the structure and function of all the cells that make up your body.

Think of your genes as an instruction manual for cell growth and function. Abnormalities in the DNA are like typographical errors. They may provide the wrong set of instructions, leading to faulty cell growth or function. In any one person, if there is an error in a gene, that same mistake will appear in all the cells that contain the same gene. This is like having an instruction manual in which all the copies have the same typographical error.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes

Most inherited cases of breast cancer are associated with two abnormal genes: BRCA1 (BReast CAncer gene one) and BRCA2 (BReast CAncer gene two).

Everyone has BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The function of the BRCA genes is to repair cell damage and keep breast cells growing normally. But when these genes contain abnormalities or mutations that are passed from generation to generation, the genes don't function normally and breast cancer risk increases. Abnormal BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes may account for up to 10% of all breast cancers, or 1 out of every 10 cases.

Having an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene doesn't mean you will be diagnosed with breast cancer. Researchers are learning that other mutations in pieces of chromosomes -- called SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) -- may be linked to higher breast cancer risk in women with an abnormal BRCA1 gene as well as women who didn't inherit an abnormal breast cancer gene.

Women who are diagnosed with breast cancer and have an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene often have a family history of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and other cancers. Still, most people who develop breast cancer did not inherit an abnormal breast cancer gene and have no family history of the disease.

You are substantially more likely to have an abnormal breast cancer gene if:
You have blood relatives (grandmothers, mother, sisters, aunts) on either your mother's or father's side of the family who had breast cancer diagnosed before age 50.
There is both breast and ovarian cancer in your family, particularly in a single individual.
There are other gland-related cancers in your family such as pancreatic, colon, and thyroid cancers.
Women in your family have had cancer in both breasts.
You are of Ashkenazi Jewish (Eastern European) heritage.
You are African American and have been diagnosed with breast cancer at age 35 or younger.
A man in your family has had breast cancer.

If one family member has an abnormal breast cancer gene, it does not mean that all family members will have it.

The average woman in the United States has about a 1 in 8, or a 12-13%, risk of developing breast cancer in her lifetime. Women who have an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene (or both) can have up to an 80% risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer during their lifetimes. Breast cancers associated with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene tend to develop in younger women and occur more often in both breasts than cancers in women without these abnormal genes.

Women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene also have an increased risk of developing ovarian, colon, pancreatic, and thyroid cancers, as well as melanoma.

Men who have an abnormal BRCA2 gene have a higher risk for breast cancer than men who don't -- about 8% by the time they're 80 years old. This is about 80 times greater than average.

Men with an abnormal BRCA1 gene have a slightly higher risk of prostate cancer. Men with an abnormal BRCA2 gene are 7 times more likely than men without the abnormal gene to develop prostate cancer. Other cancer risks, such as cancer of the skin or digestive tract, also may be slightly higher in men with abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
Other genes

Changes in other genes are also associated with breast cancer. These abnormal genes are much less common and don't seem to increase risk as much as abnormal BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are considered rare. Still, because these genetic mutations are rarer, they haven't been studied as much as the BRCA genes.
ATM: The ATM gene helps repair damaged DNA. DNA carries genetic information in cells. Inheriting two abnormal copies of this gene causes the disease ataxia-telangiectasia, a rare disease that affects brain development. Inheriting one abnormal ATM gene has been linked to an increased rate of breast cancer in some families because the abnormal gene stops the cells from repairing damaged DNA.
p53 (also called the TP53 gene): The p53 gene provides instructions to the body for making a protein that stops tumor growth. Inheriting an abnormal p53 gene causes Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a disorder that causes people to develop soft tissue cancers at a young age. People with this rare syndrome have a higher-than-average-risk of breast cancer and several other cancers, including leukemia, brain tumors, and sarcomas (cancer of the bones or connective tissue).
CHEK2: The CHEK2 gene also provides instructions for making a protein that stops tumor growth. Li-Fraumeni syndrome also can be caused by an inherited abnormal CHEK2 gene. Even when an abnormal CHEK2 gene doesn't cause Li-Fraumeni syndrome, it can double breast cancer risk.
PTEN: The PTEN gene helps regulate cell growth. An abnormal PTEN gene causes Cowden syndrome, a rare disorder in which people have a higher risk of both benign (not cancer) and cancerous breast tumors, as well as growths in the digestive tract, thyroid, uterus, and ovaries.
CDH1: The CDH1 gene makes a protein that helps cells bind together to form tissue. An abnormal CDH1 gene causes a rare type of stomach cancer at an early age. Women with an abnormal CDH1 gene also have an increased risk of invasive lobular breast cancer.
Genetic testing

There are genetic tests available to determine if someone has an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. A genetic counselor also may order testing for an abnormal ATM, p53, CHEK2, PTEN, or CDH1 gene if it's determined from your personal or family history that these tests are needed.

For more information, visit the Breastcancer.org Genetic Testing pages.

Personal History of Breast Cancer

If you've been diagnosed with breast cancer, you're 3 to 4 times more likely to develop a new cancer in the other breast or a different part of the same breast. This risk is different from the risk of the original cancer coming back (called risk of recurrence).

Breast Lumps

Breast Lumps

Finding a lump in one of your breasts can cause you a lot of anxiety. Most breast lumps, particularly in younger women, are not caused by cancer but are benign, non-cancerous lumps. You should make an appointment with your GP as soon as possible if you find a breast lump. They will then decide if you need referral to a specialist breast clinic for further tests.
A normal breast

This diagram shows a normal breast.

The breast is connected to muscles on the wall of your chest. It is made up of fatty tissue. Within the fatty tissue are lobules or milk-forming glands. Milk drains from these glands into breast ducts during breast-feeding. Milk then leaves the ducts through your nipple if you breast-feed a baby.

The glands and ducts can decrease or increase in number and size depending on when they are needed.
Breast lumps can involve any of these different tissues, or components, that make up your breast.
Common causes of breast lumps
Physiological (normal) swelling and tenderness

This is also known as fibrocystic change or fibroadenosis. Your breasts change throughout your menstrual cycle each month because of your hormones. At least half of all women who have periods will have some pain, tenderness and nodularity (lumpiness) in their breasts at some time in the month. This is usually most obvious in the week before your period. It quickly goes when your period starts. It is more common in women aged 30-50.
Fibroadenoma

This is a benign (non-cancerous) breast lump that usually occurs in women under the age of 40. They occur as a result of excess growth of the glands and connective tissue in the breasts. They usually feel like round, firm, and rubbery lumps. They usually move slightly under the skin when they are pressed. They are not usually painful.

Sometimes they can disappear of their own accord. They also tend to go after the menopause. However, they can also be removed.
Breast cysts

A cyst is a fluid-filled lump. Cysts are more common in women approaching menopause although they can occur at any age. They are usually oval or round lumps that are smooth and firm. They tend to move slightly when pressed. It is common for them to appear within two weeks prior to your period and then resolve soon after the period.

Treatment of breast cysts typically involves draining the fluid in them by using a thin needle inserted into your breast by the doctor. After draining, about 3 in 10 cysts will refill with fluid, but can be drained again.
Infection

A lump caused by infection is fairly common in women who are breast-feeding. The ducts that carry the breast milk can become blocked. Bacteria, or germs, can enter through cracks in the nipple. This can lead to the development of an abscess in the breast. Warm compresses, paracetamol and/or antibiotics may be needed.

Infection can also cause lumps in women who are not breast-feeding.
Fat necrosis

Injury or trauma to the fatty tissue in your breast can cause a lump. These lumps usually heal and go away of their own accord. However, if they persist then they can be removed.
Lipoma

This is a fatty growth that develops within the fatty tissue of your breast. It is non-cancerous and usually does not need any treatment. However, they can be removed if they are large or causing any symptoms.

Breast cancer

The vast majority of breast lumps are not caused by breast cancer. However, breast cancers are a cause of lumps in the breasts. There are separate leaflets called 'Cancer of the Breast' and 'Cancer of the Breast - Hereditary Factors'.
What should I do if I find a breast lump?

If you find a lump in one of your breasts, you should make an appointment with your GP as soon as possible. When you see your GP, they may start by asking you some questions. It is a good idea to think about these questions before your appointment.

Questions may include:
When did you notice the lump?
Do you have any breast pain?
Do you have any nipple discharge?
When was your last period (if you still have them)?
Are you taking an hormonal medication such as the contraceptive pill or hormone replacement therapy?
Have you had breast lumps before?
Do you have any history of breast problems in your family?
Breast examination

Your doctor may then suggest that they examine your breasts. A male doctor should always offer for a chaperone to be present during the examination. You may be asked to remove your top and bra by the doctor. They may want to examine your breasts with your arms in the air and then by your sides. They may also want to examine your breasts when you are sitting and then lying down. They may also want to examine underneath your arms to feel for any enlarged lymph glands. Your doctor may ask you to point out the lump to them. If you have had any nipple discharge, your doctor may ask you to demonstrate this yourself by asking you to squeeze your nipple.
What happens next?

This will depend on what your doctor finds when they examine you. If you are young, have not gone through the menopause, and have only just noticed the lump, your doctor may suggest that you return for another examination after your next period.

If the doctor is uncertain as to the cause of the lump, or if you have a family history of breast problems that they are worried about, they may suggest that they refer you to a specialist breast clinic. Here you will see a doctor who has special expertise in dealing with breast problems.

You can usually expect an appointment at the clinic within a few weeks. However, waiting times can vary depending on how busy the clinic is and how urgent your GP feels the problem is. The aim is that any woman with suspected breast cancer should be seen in a specialist breast clinic within two weeks. If your doctor feels that you are more likely to have one of the benign (noncancerous) causes of a breast lump, it may take longer than two weeks for you to be seen.

Even if you are referred urgently, you should remember that your lump may still turn out to be benign. The majority of people referred to a breast clinic do not have breast cancer.
What to expect if you are referred to a breast clinic

Usually there is a specialist breast nurse who works in a breast clinic. They may be present during your appointment with the doctor and are usually available for any questions afterwards. In some breast clinics, the specialist nurse runs the clinic and you may only see them.

In most clinics you will first be asked about your symptoms. You may be given an information sheet to fill out. This may include some of the questions that are listed above. After this, the breast specialist doctor or nurse will examine your breasts in a similar way as happened when you saw your GP. They may then suggest that you have some further tests.

These can include a mammogram and/or an ultrasound scan of your breast (see below). Sometimes investigations are carried out on the same day that you attend the clinic. Sometimes you may be given an appointment to come back for a test.

The breast specialist may also suggest that they take a sample (biopsy) of the lump. There are two common ways of doing this, either by fine needle aspiration or a core biopsy (details below). They are both straightforward procedures. Sometimes ultrasound scanning is done to guide the procedure. The specialist uses the scan to identify exactly where the lump is so that they can take the sample. The sample may be taken on the same day in the breast clinic or you may be given an appointment to come back for the procedure.
What is a mammogram?

A mammogram is essentially an X-ray of your breasts. A radiographer (someone trained in taking X-rays) will ask you to remove your top and bra. The mammogram is generally done with you standing up. Each breast is compressed between two X-ray plates. This may feel a little uncomfortable but the discomfort should only last for a few minutes. Two images of each breast are taken in different positions.
What is an ultrasound scan of the breast?

An ultrasound scan of the breast uses the same technique as an ultrasound scan that women have when they are pregnant. Again, you will be asked to remove your top and bra. Some gel will be spread on to your breast. The ultrasonographer will then move the scanning probe over the surface of your breast. High-frequency sound waves allow them to produce an image of your breast that they can look at. They should be able to see any lumps in your breast.

You may have both an ultrasound scan and a mammogram. Women under the age of 35 may only have an ultrasound scan. This is because it is difficult to get a clear picture of younger women's breasts using a mammogram.

Some women may have a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. This can show different detail of the breast tissue than a mammogram or an ultrasound test.
What is fine needle aspiration?

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is when a small, fine needle with a syringe connected to it is used to take a sample of breast cells from the lump. This sample is then sent to the laboratory and is examined under a microscope. It is usually a quick procedure and may be a little uncomfortable. Local anaesthetic is not usually used as this would mean using two needles (a needle to give the local anaesthetic first) instead of just one. Your breast may feel a little sore for a short period afterwards.

It may take one to two weeks for the results, or sometimes longer depending on the clinic. You will generally be given another appointment to come back for the results. The results can show if the lump is cancerous or non-cancerous. Sometimes not enough cells are present in the sample to give a definite answer. In this case you will need further tests.
What is a core biopsy?

For a core biopsy, a larger needle is used to take a sample of tissue from your breast lump. You will usually be given a local anaesthetic to numb the area before the biopsy is taken. More than one biopsy may be taken. The tissue that is taken is sent to the laboratory and is examined under a microscope.

You may need to wear a dressing on the area afterwards and your breast may feel a little sore. Painkillers usually help the soreness. It may take one to two weeks for the results, or sometimes longer depending on the clinic. You will generally be given another appointment to come back for the results. Again, the results can show if the lump is cancerous or non-cancerous.
Other advice

If you do have to go back to a breast clinic to get your results, it may be a good idea to take a partner, relative or friend with you. In this way you will have someone present to give you support if you need it. However, remember that for many women who have mammography, ultrasound, fine needle aspiration and/or a core biopsy, the results do not show that they have cancer. They may have one of the benign breast problems that are discussed above.

You should also remember that even if your tests do come back as benign (non-cancerous), you should still continue to be vigilant and be 'breast aware'. You should regularly check your breasts for anything that is not normal for you. You should see your GP if you are worried about any new breast pain, lumps or nipple discharge.

Breast cancer screening


If you are between 50 and 70 years old, you will be called for regular breast cancer screening using mammography. You should continue to attend this. You will automatically be sent an appointment for a mammogram every three years.

If you are over 70 years, it is advised that you continue to have a mammogram every three years. You will not get a routine appointment sent to you, but you should contact your local breast screening clinic to arrange this every three years.
Further help and information

Breast Cancer Care

5-13 Great Suffolk Street, Southwark, London, SE1 0NS
Helpline: 0808 800 6000 Web: www.breastcancercare.org.uk
Provide s breast cancer information and support across the UK.
NHS Breast Screening Programme

Web: www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk/breastscreen/

Breast Pain

Breast Pain

Most women develop breast pain at some stage in life. In most cases the pain develops in the days just before a period. In some cases the pain is not related to periods. The pain is often mild but in some women it is more severe and can affect the quality of your life. Treatment options include painkillers and topical (rub-on) anti-inflammatory drugs.

What are the types of breast pain?

Breast pain (mastalgia) is usually classed as either:
Cyclical breast pain - where the pain is related to periods. Typically, it occurs in the second half of the monthly cycle, getting worse in the days just before a period; OR
Noncyclical breast pain - where the pain is not related to periods.

Up to 7 in 10 women develop breast pain at some stage in their life. About 2 in 3 cases are cyclical breast pain, and about 1 in 3 are noncyclical. If you are not sure which type of breast pain you have, it may be worth keeping a pain diary for 2-3 months. Record the days when you have breast pain, and highlight the days when the pain is severe enough to affect your lifestyle. See what pattern emerges.
Cyclical breast pain

Cyclical breast pain is very common. It can first occur at any age after periods start, but most commonly first develops between the ages of 30 and 50 years. It does not occur in women past the menopause when the periods have stopped.

What are the symptoms of cyclical breast pain?

In many women the symptoms are mild. Indeed, it can be considered normal to have some breast discomfort for a few days before a period. However, in around one in ten women the pain can be severe and/or last longer - up to 1-2 weeks before a period. The 3-5 days prior to a period are usually the worst. The pain usually eases soon after a period starts. The severity usually varies from month to month. Typically, the pain affects both breasts. It is usually worst in the upper and outer part of the breast, and may travel to the inner part of the upper arm.

Your breasts may also feel more swollen and lumpy than usual. This lumpiness is generalised so does not lead to a single definite lump forming. This swelling and lumpiness then improve soon after your period starts.

Quality of life for some women can be significantly affected. Physical activity such as jogging can make the pain worse. Such things as hugging children and sexual activity can be painful.
What causes cyclical breast pain?

It is thought that women with cyclical breast pain have breast tissue which is more sensitive than usual to the normal hormonal changes that occur each month. It is not due to any hormone disease or to any problem in the breast itself. It is not related to any other breast conditions. Although it is not serious, it can be a nuisance.

What are the treatment options for cyclical breast pain?

No treatment may be needed if the symptoms are mild. Many women are reassured by knowing that cyclical breast pain is not a symptom of cancer or serious breast disease. The problem may settle by itself within 3-6 months. Studies have shown that cyclical breast pain goes away within three months of onset in about 3 in 10 cases. However, in up to 6 in 10 women where the pain has gone, it develops again sometime within two years. So, in other words, cyclical breast pain may come and go over the years.

If the pain is more severe, or for the times when it may flare up worse than usual, treatment options include the following:
Support your breasts. Wear a well supporting bra when you have pain. It may be worthwhile having a bra fitted for you as many women actually wear the wrong size of bra. Some women find that wearing a supporting bra 24 hours a day for the week before a period is helpful. It is best to avoid underwired bras. Wear a sports bra when you exercise.
Painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen. Take regularly on the days when the breasts are painful.
Topical (rub-on) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). For example, topical diclofenac or topical ibuprofen. You can buy various topical NSAIDs or get them on prescription. Topical NSAIDs have been shown to help relieve the pain of cyclical breast pain.
Consider your medication. The contraceptive pill or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may make cyclical breast pain worse. Other drugs may also worsen cyclical breast pain. For example, some antidepressants and some blood pressure drugs. If appropriate, it may be worth stopping or changing your medication to see if this helps. Discuss this with your doctor.
Drugs to block hormones. Drugs such as danazol, bromocriptine, tamoxifen and goserelin injections can ease pain in most cases. These drugs work by reducing the level, or blocking the effect of, female hormones such as oestrogen. You need to take them regularly (not just when the pain occurs). However, significant side-effects are common with these drugs. So, they are not usually tried unless you have severe pain which occurs during most months and does not ease with other treatments.
Evening primrose oil. This used to be a very popular treatment. Some research studies suggest that this has little effect. However, some women still seem to find benefit from it. You can no longer get this on prescription. There are many different preparations of evening primrose oil containing varying amounts of the active ingredient gamolenic acid. The dose is usually 120 -160 mg of gamolenic acid twice daily. Evening primrose oil is unlikely to give instant relief and it needs to be taken for up to four months before you can decide if it is helpful or not. If it has not helped by the time four months is reached then it is not going to be effective.

Note: in the past, diuretics (water tablets) used to be popular. However, they do not work as the pain is not caused by fluid retention.

Noncyclical breast pain

Breast pain can be present all the time, or come and go in a random way. This type of breast pain is not related to periods and is most common in women aged over 40. The pain may be in just one breast, and may be localised to one area in a breast. Sometimes the pain is felt all over one or both breasts. There are various causes. For example:
Pain coming from the breast tissue itself in the absence of any lumps, tumours, or other abnormality being detected. The reason why this type of pain occurs is not known.
Pain coming or radiating from the chest wall under the breast rather than the breast itself. Muscular or bony problems of the chest wall account for some cases.
Infection is a cause in a small number of cases.
Shingles may cause pain before a rash develops.
Breast tumours, cancer and lumps are a very uncommon cause of breast pain.
The cause is often not clear.

As there are various causes it is best to see a doctor for assessment.

What is the treatment for noncyclical breast pain?

In many cases the pain goes after a few months without any treatment. NSAIDs such as ibuprofen may ease the pain. Topical NSAIDs may also work. Other treatments may be appropriate, depending on whether a cause is found.
Breast pain and breast cancer

Women with breast pain often worry that the pain is caused by breast cancer. However, the first symptom of breast cancer is usually a painless lump. Pain is not usually an early symptom.

However, even though breast pain is not likely to be caused by cancer, you should see your doctor if you have any concerns about breast pain or any other breast symptoms.

In particular, see a doctor promptly if you have breast pain and any of the following:
A lump in your breast or under your arms.
Discharge from a lump or nipple.
A family history of breast cancer.
Swelling and redness in your breast.
Any symptoms of pregnancy, such as a missed period.